EMERSON 38B5786X132 运动控制器

EMERSON 38B5786X132 运动控制器

微处理器可以根据它们的字长(衡量其复杂性的一种方法)来选择用于不同的应用。较长的字长允许每个时钟周期以执行更多的计算，但是对应于具有更高待机和操作的物理上更大的集成电路管芯功率消耗。4位、8位或12位处理器广泛集成到运行嵌入式系统的微控制器中。

当系统   要处理大量数据或需要更灵活的用户界面使用16位、32位或64位处理器。一个8- or16位可以选择处理器而不是32位处理器片上系统或微控制器应用低功率电子设备或者是的一部分混合信号集成电路具有噪声敏感型片内模拟电子学例如高分辨率模数转换器或两者。有些人说，在8位芯片上运行32位算法可能会消耗更多的功率，因为芯片必须用多条指令执行软件。然而，也有人说，在运行同等软件例程时，现代8位芯片总是比32位芯片更省电。

在现代计算机中，硬式磁盘机(硬盘)或固态硬盘(固态硬盘)通常用作辅助存储。这存取时间硬盘或固态硬盘的每字节通常以毫秒(千分之一秒)，而主存储的每字节访问时间以纳秒(十亿分之一秒)。因此，辅助存储比主存储慢得多。轮流光存贮器设备，如激光唱片和数字影碟驱动器的访问时间甚至更长。辅助存储技术的其他示例包括usb闪存驱动,软盘,磁带,纸带,穿孔卡片，以及RAM磁盘。

一旦磁盘读/写磁头在HDD上，到达适当的位置，并且数据、轨道上的后续数据可以非常快速地被访问。为了减少寻道时间和旋转延迟，数据以大型连续块的形式传输到磁盘或从磁盘传输。磁盘上的顺序或块访问比随机访问快几个数量级，并且已经开发了许多复杂的范例来设计基于顺序和块访问的高效算法。减少I/O瓶颈的另一种方法是并行使用多个磁盘，以增加主内存和辅助内存之间的带宽。[5]

大多数计算机操作系统使用的概念虚拟内存，允许利用比系统中物理可用容量更多的主存储容量。随着主内存填满，系统会将最少使用的块(页)复制到辅助存储器上的交换文件或页面文件中，以便以后需要时检索它们。如果将大量页面移动到较慢的辅助存储，系统性能会降低。

EMERSON 38B5786X132 运动控制器

Microprocessors can be selected for different applications based on their word length (a measure of their complexity). The longer word length allows more calculations to be performed per clock cycle, but corresponds to physically larger IC core power consumption with higher standby and operation. 4 -, 8 -, or 12-bit processors are widely integrated into microcontrollers running embedded systems.

Use 16 -, 32 -, or 64-bit processors when the system is processing large amounts of data or requires a more flexible user interface. An 8-OR16-bit processor can be selected instead of a 32-bit processor for system-on-chip or microcontroller applications with low power electronics or a portion of mixed-signal integrated circuits with noise-sensitive on-chip analog electronics such as high-resolution analog-to-digital converters or both. Some say that running a 32-bit algorithm on an 8-bit chip can consume more power because the chip has to execute the software with multiple instructions. However, others say that modern 8-bit chips are always more power-efficient than 32-bit chips when running equivalent software routines.

In modern computers, hard disk drives (hard disks) or solid state drives (SSDS) are often used as secondary storage. This access time is typically measured in milliseconds (thousandths of a second) per byte of a hard drive or solid state drive, and in nanoseconds (billionths of a second) per byte of main storage. Therefore, secondary storage is much slower than primary storage. Rotating optical memory devices such as compact discs and digital video drives take even longer to access. Other examples of auxiliary storage technologies include usb flash drives, floppy disks, magnetic tape, paper tape, punched cards, and RAM disks.

Once the disk read/write head is on the HDD, it reaches the proper location, and the data, subsequent data on the track, can be accessed very quickly. To reduce seek time and rotation delay, data is transferred to or from disk in large contiguous blocks. Sequential or block access on disk is several orders of magnitude faster than random access, and many complex paradigms have been developed to design efficient algorithms based on sequential and block access. Another way to reduce I/O bottlenecks is to use multiple disks in parallel to increase the bandwidth between primary and secondary memory. [5]

Most computer operating systems use conceptual virtual memory, which allows the utilization of more primary storage capacity than is physically available in the system. As main memory fills up, the system copies the least-used blocks (pages) to swap files or page files on secondary memory so that they can be retrieved later if needed. If you move a large number of pages to slower secondary storage, system performance degrades.